Because he had been relieved of his duties as governor, the crown did not feel bound by that contract and his demands were rejected. The attacks increased in duration and severity, sometimes leaving Columbus bedridden for months at a time, and culminated in his death 14 years later. Christophe Colomb ist ein von Jijé geschaffener frankobelgischer Comic.. The troops went wild, stealing, killing, raping, and torturing natives, trying to force them to divulge the whereabouts of the imagined treasure-houses of gold. [57], In the April 1492 "Capitulations of Santa Fe", King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella promised Columbus that if he succeeded he would be given the rank of Admiral of the Ocean Sea and appointed Viceroy and Governor of all the new lands he could claim for Spain. [185][186], Though Christopher Columbus came to be considered the discoverer of America in U.S. and European popular culture, his historical legacy is more nuanced. Columbus himself took over as captain of the Niña, as the Pinta had become separated from the other two ships. [130] On 2 August, Columbus and his men landed at Icacos Point. He formulated a plan to seek a western sea passage to the East Indies, hoping to profit from the lucrative spice trade. He married Filipa Moniz Perestrelo, daughter of the Porto Santo governor and Portuguese nobleman of Lombard origin Bartolomeu Perestrello. Also, he had lost the largest of the three ships entrusted to him. Als Hommage an die Reisen des Christoph Kolumbus enthält die Box eine Reproduktion der berühmten Waldseemüller-Weltkarte von 1507. The Columbian Exposition lasted several months, and over $40 million in commemorative postage stamps had been sold. Il fait une escale d'un mois aux Canaries, puis, poussés par les vents alizés, ses trois bateaux traversent l'océan Atlantique. Making observations with a quadrant, he "regularly saw the plumb line fall to the same point," instead of moving along as his ship moved. Under Benjamin Harrison and his Postmaster General John Wanamaker the Columbian commemorative stamps were made available and were first issued at the World Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893. The savants of Spain, like their counterparts in Portugal, replied that Columbus had grossly underestimated the distance to Asia. Durant sa jeunesse, il fait du cabotage et se rend même à Chio près des côtes de l'Asie mineure. En tentant de trouver une nouvelle route vers l'Asie, Colomb inaugure en 1492 une longue série de voyages européens vers l'Amérique et l'intégration forcée … [45] Other people have suggested he followed Esdras's statement that "six parts [of the globe] are habitable and the seventh is covered with water. [90], Columbus left the port of Cádiz on 24 September 1493, with a fleet of 17 ships carrying 1,200 men and the supplies to establish permanent colonies in the New World. [196] Furthermore, his journals from the third voyage call the "land of Paria" a "hitherto unknown" continent. Columbus was widely venerated in the centuries after his death, but public perception has fractured in recent decades as scholars give greater attention to the harm committed under his governance, particularly the near-extermination of Hispaniola's indigenous Taíno population from mistreatment and European diseases, as well as their enslavement. After sailing past Les Saintes (Los Santos, "The Saints"), he arrived at the island of Guadeloupe, which he named Santa María de Guadalupe de Extremadura, after the image of the Virgin Mary venerated at the Spanish monastery of Villuercas, in Guadalupe, Cáceres, Spain. Fray Buil, who was supposed to perform baptisms, accompanied Margarit. Thomas, Hugh. Bartolomeo Colomb accompagne Christophe Colomb lors de son quatrième voyage, en 1502-1504. 16, pp. [68] On 11 October, Columbus changed the fleet's course to due west, and sailed through the night, believing land was soon to be found. He was in command of three ships: the Pinta, the Niña, and the Santa María. The name Christopher Columbus is the Anglicisation of the Latin Christophorus Columbus. [28] In an account of his fourth voyage, Columbus wrote that "Jerusalem and Mount Sion must be rebuilt by Christian hands". Il est né à Gênes entre le 26 août et le 31 octobre 1451. In, sfn error: no target: CITEREFChrisp2006 (. He maintained, to his dying day, that the lands he discovered were indeed part of the known Far East. Français : Carte du premier voyage de Christophe Colomb , de 1492 à … By 1481, Toscanelli had sent Columbus a map implying that a westward route to Asia was possible. The Knights of Columbus is a fraternal organization for Catholic men founded in 1882. Zoek de scheepsgegevens van de deadweight-tonnage, Bruto tonnage en het bouwjaar. After arriving in Spain in late 1494, Buil complained to the Spanish court of the Columbus brothers and that there was no gold. Au moment où Christophe Colomb envisageait de faire son voyage vers l'ouest, Martin Behaim a réalisé son globe à Nuremberg, en 1492, après avoir séjourné au Portugal. The Columbus family had some success in their first litigation, as a judgment of 1511 confirmed Diego's position as viceroy, but reduced his powers. Spanish ambassador María Jesús Figa López-Palop claims, "Normally we melded with the cultures in America, we stayed there, we spread our language and culture and religion. Ce nouveau voyage donne lieu cependant à une série de mésaventures. [231] He says that indigenous populations did not experience a rebound like European populations did following the Black Death because unlike the latter, the former were subjected to deadly forced labour in gold and silver mines on a massive scale. Les temps des découvertes et des premiers empires coloniaux A. Module Grandes découvertes. [17] In May 1476, he took part in an armed convoy sent by Genoa to carry valuable cargo to northern Europe. As in the first voyage, the fleet stopped at the Canary Islands, from which it departed on 13 October, following a more southerly course than on the previous expedition. One of the first skirmishes between Native Americans and Europeans since the time of the Vikings occurred on 14 November, when at Saint Croix, Columbus's men pursued the canoe of some Island Caribs and their prisoners, which met them with arrows. ", Bobadilla's 48-page report, derived from the testimonies of 23 people who had seen or heard about the treatment meted out by Columbus and his brothers—had originally been lost for centuries, but was rediscovered in 2005 in the Spanish archives in, According to Professor Miguel Patella of the, This same year, dust collected from these remains was placed in a locket, which was placed inside the stern of a. Osborne cited the bullet as evidence the remains belonged to Columbus. Ambitious, Columbus eventually learned Latin, Portuguese, and Castilian. A Spaniard, Diego Méndez, and some natives paddled a canoe to get help from Hispaniola. [111] The neutrality and accuracy of Bobadilla's 48-page report accusing Columbus and his brothers of using torture and mutilation to govern Hispaniola have been disputed by historians, given the anti-Italian sentiment of the Spaniards and Bobadilla's desire to take over Columbus' position. [172] Over 27 million people attended the exposition during its six-month duration. On 13 September 1492, Columbus observed that the needle of his compass no longer pointed to the North Star. [216] Within three decades, the surviving Arawak population numbered only in the hundreds;[216] "virtually every member of the gentle race ... had been wiped out. [41], From Pierre d'Ailly's Imago Mundi (1410) Columbus learned of Alfraganus's estimate that a degree of latitude (or a degree of longitude along the equator) spanned 56​2⁄3 Arabic miles (equivalent to 66.2 nautical miles or 122.6 kilometres), but he did not realize that this was expressed in the Arabic mile (about 1,830 meters) rather than the shorter Roman mile (about 1,480 meters) with which he was familiar. Columbus himself later claimed that he had seen a sort of light or aura before Triana did, allowing him to keep the reward he had promised to give to whoever spotted land first. The corresponding technique for efficient travel in the Atlantic appears to have been exploited first by the Portuguese, who referred to it as the Volta do mar ("turn of the sea"). He continued to seek a passage to the East Indies, and the extent to which he was aware that the Americas were a wholly separate landmass is uncertain. [87], Columbus headed for Spain on the Niña, but a storm separated him from the Pinta, and forced the Niña to stop at the island of Santa Maria in the Azores. Michele da Cuneo, who took part in the battle, reported that Columbus let him keep one of the captured women, whom he beat and raped. [48], Though Columbus was wrong about the number of degrees of longitude that separated Europe from the Far East and about the distance that each degree represented, he did possess valuable knowledge about the trade winds, which would prove to be the key to his successful navigation of the Atlantic Ocean. After spending more than a week in Portugal, and paying his respects to Eleanor of Viseu, Columbus again set sail for Spain. Columbus is both criticized for his alleged brutality and initiating the depopulation of the indigenous Americans, whether by disease or intentional genocide. The women explained that any male captives were eaten, and that their own male offspring were castrated and made to serve the Caribs until they were old enough to be considered good to eat. Haimann, Alexander T., "2-cent Landing of Columbus", Arago: people, postage & the post, National Postal Museum online, viewed 18 April 2014. Les voyages de christophe colomb de 1492 a 1504 Carte : Les voyages de Christophe Colomb, 1492-1504 . Get the details of the current Voyage of CMA CGM CHRISTOPHE COLOMB including Position, Port Calls, Destination, ETA and Distance travelled - IMO 9453559, MMSI 228315600, Call Sign FNUY Based on Columbus's lifestyle and the described symptoms, modern doctors suspect that he suffered from reactive arthritis, rather than gout. "[111] When natives on Hispaniola began fighting back against their oppressors, Columbus's men captured 1,500 Arawak men, women, and children in a single raid. On October 12, Rodrigo de Triana, a sailor aboard the Pinta, first sighted land. 24.01.2015 - Zum 150jährigen Jubiläum präsentiert Zenith mit der Hurricane Grand Voyage II eine faszinierende Kreationen höchster technischer Komplexität. Actions , l Modify Search [Export PDF; Vessel CMA CGM CHRISTOPHE COLOMB. [174] The 400th anniversary Columbian issues were very popular in the United States. Columbus never believed that he had found something new. Later, he allegedly made a trip to Chios, an Aegean island then ruled by Genoa. [28] In a more specific identification of his motivations, Hamandi writes that the "deliverance of Jerusalem from Muslim hands" could be accomplished by "using the resources of newly discovered lands".[30]. ", "Dozens of Christopher Columbus statues have been removed since June", "Examining the reputation of Christopher Columbus", "Pre-Columbian Hispaniola – Arawak/Taino Indians", "Remembering Columbus: Blinded by Politics", "A Modest Proposal for a Moratorium on Grand Generalizations: Some Thoughts on the Black Legend", "The Black Legend Revisited: Assumptions and Realities", "The White Legend Revisited: A Reply to Professor Hanke's 'Modest Proposal, "Earth system impacts of the European arrival and Great Dying in the Americas after 1492", "Elite Revisionists and Popular Beliefs: Christopher Columbus, Hero or Villain? The passengers included priests, farmers, and soldiers, who would be the new colonists. [226][227] According to some estimates, smallpox had an 80–90% fatality rate in Native American populations. Probably with the assistance of his son Diego and his friend the Carthusian monk Gaspar Gorricio, Columbus produced two books during his later years: a Book of Privileges (1502), detailing and documenting the rewards from the Spanish Crown to which he believed he and his heirs were entitled, and a Book of Prophecies (1505), in which he considered his achievements as an explorer but a fulfillment of Bible prophecy in the context of Christian eschatology.[8][153]. Question 1. [107][108] A native Nahuatl account depicted the social breakdown that accompanied the epidemic: "A great many died from this plague, and many others died of hunger. [214][220][221][222] Within indigenous circles, Columbus is often viewed as a key agent of genocide. His landing place was an island in the Bahamas, known by its native inhabitants as Guanahani. [25] It is likely that Beatriz met Columbus when he was in Córdoba, a gathering site of many Genoese merchants and where the court of the Catholic Monarchs was located at intervals. [179][180] These explorations resulted in the permanent contact between the two hemispheres. Bei der Christophe Colomb Grand Voyage war dies neben dem Entdecker Kolumbus die Santa Maria, jener Dreimaster, mit Christoph Kolumbus die Weltmeere bereist und neue Kontingente und Territorien entdeckt hat. ThoughtCo, Aug. 26, 2020, thoughtco.com/first-new-world-voyage-christopher-columbus-2136437. Michele da Cuneo, Columbus's childhood friend from Savona, sailed with Columbus during the second voyage and wrote: "In my opinion, since Genoa was Genoa, there was never born a man so well equipped and expert in the art of navigation as the said lord Admiral. "Nicolás de Ovando" in. Initial observations suggested that the bones did not appear to match Columbus's physique or age at death. [119] Since there was no abundance of gold on the island, the natives had no chance of meeting Columbus' quota and thousands are reported to have committed suicide. Empruntant un tracé un peu différent, il croise de nouvelles îles telles que la Guadeloupe, Saint-Martin, Porto Rico et la Jamaïque. In his later years, Columbus demanded that the Spanish Crown give him 10 percent of all profits made in the new lands, as stipulated in the Capitulations of Santa Fe. [171] Columbus's name was given to the federal capital of the U.S. (District of Columbia), the capital cities of two U.S. states (Ohio and South Carolina), and the Columbia River. [86] Because of these events, Columbus called the inlet the Bay of Arrows. Ontdek de standaard scheepsgegevens, inclusief het IMO / MMSI-nummer en de Roepletters. "[111] Indirect evidence suggests that some serious illness may have arrived with the 1,500 colonists who accompanied Columbus's second expedition in 1493. He married Portuguese noblewoman Filipa Moniz Perestrelo and was based in Lisbon for several years, but later took a Castilian mistress; he had one son with each woman. According to Bartolomé de Las Casas, natives were hung in groups of thirteen "in memory of Our Redeemer and His twelve Apostles. The First New World Voyage of Christopher Columbus (1492). [98] Tony Horwitz notes that this is the first recorded instance of sexuality between a European and Native American. Instead of holds full of Chinese silks and spices, he returned with some trinkets and a few bedraggled natives from Hispaniola. In the same year, Christopher was on a Genoese ship hired in the service of René of Anjou to support his attempt to conquer the Kingdom of Naples. [144], After a brief stop at Jamaica, Columbus sailed to Central America, arriving at Guanaja (Isla de Pinos) in the Bay Islands off the coast of Honduras on 30 July. Hieronymus Münzer a écrit en 1493 au roi Jean II du Portugal pour l'engager à faire des recherches maritimes vers l'ouest [ 19 ] . He and his sons, Diego and Fernando, then conducted a lengthy series of court cases against the Castilian crown, known as the pleitos colombinos, alleging that the Crown had illegally reneged on its contractual obligations to Columbus and his heirs. In the United States it is called Columbus Day and is observed annually on the second Monday in October. Isabella then sent a royal guard to fetch Columbus, who had travelled several kilometers toward Córdoba. Columbus, for his part, believed an even higher estimate, leaving a smaller percentage for water. Margarit's men exploited the natives by beating, raping and enslaving them, with none on Hispaniola being baptized for another two years. These issues were made from the original dies of which the first engraved issues of 1893 were produced. ", This map is based on the premise that Columbus first landed at. Il parvient à se faire engager comme apprenti marin sur la Santa Maria, le bateau de Christophe Colomb. [166][t] These remains were kept at the Basilica Cathedral of Santa María la Menor before being moved to the Columbus Lighthouse (inaugurated in 1992). On 13 January 1493, Columbus made his last stop of this voyage in the New World, in the Bay of Rincón at the eastern end of the Samaná Peninsula in northeast Hispaniola. [134], In poor health, Columbus returned to Hispaniola on 19 August, only to find that many of the Spanish settlers of the new colony were in rebellion against his rule, claiming that Columbus had misled them about the supposedly bountiful riches of the New World. Columbus made a fourth voyage nominally in search of the Strait of Malacca to the Indian Ocean. There was a massive exchange of animals, plants, fungi, diseases, technologies, mineral wealth and ideas. [173], The United States Postal Service participated in the celebration issuing the first U.S. commemorative stamps, a series of 16 postage issues called the Columbian Issue depicting Columbus, Queen Isabella and others in the various stages of his several voyages. Herring, Hubert. "Columbus's claim to fame isn't that he got there first," explains Martin Dugard, "it's that he stayed. Mark McDonald, "Ferdinand Columbus, Renaissance Collector (1488–1539)", 2005, British Museum Press, sfn error: no target: CITEREFPhillips_JrPhillips1993 (, Sivin, Nathan (1984). Arriving in Santo Domingo while Columbus was away during the explorations of his third voyage, Bobadilla was immediately met with complaints about all three Columbus brothers: Christopher, Bartolomeo, and Diego. The Brooklyn Museum catalogue notes that the most likely source for Leutze's trio of Columbus paintings is. In subsequent years, he was plagued with what was thought to be influenza and other fevers, bleeding from the eyes, temporary blindness and prolonged attacks of gout. Columbus's project, though far-fetched, held the promise of such an advantage. Columbus also explored the northeast coast of Cuba, where he landed on 28 October. [4] He was born between 25 August and 31 October 1451 in the territory of the Republic of Genoa[5] (now part of modern Italy), though the exact location remains disputed. Not long after, the king and queen summoned the Columbus brothers to the Alhambra palace in Granada. [155][156] Reactive arthritis is a joint inflammation caused by intestinal bacterial infections or after acquiring certain sexually transmitted diseases (primarily chlamydia or gonorrhea). (2020, August 26). They pronounced the idea impractical and advised their Royal Highnesses to pass on the proposed venture. Between 1482 and 1485, Columbus traded along the coasts of West Africa, reaching the Portuguese trading post of Elmina at the Guinea coast (in present-day Ghana). To demonstrate his confidence in the new Columbian commemorative issues Wanamaker purchased $10,000 worth of stamps with his own money. These matched corresponding DNA from Columbus's brother, supporting that both individuals had shared the same mother. Beatriz, unmarried at the time, gave birth to Columbus's natural son Fernando Columbus in July 1488, named for the monarch of Aragon. [212] Others openly defend colonization. Columbus left 39 men, including the interpreter Luis de Torres,[82][j] and founded the settlement of La Navidad, in present-day Haiti. The History Channel. The columbian exchange. In 1470, the Florentine astronomer Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli suggested to King Afonso V of Portugal that sailing west across the Atlantic would be a quicker way to reach the Spice Islands, Cathay, and Cipangu than the route around Africa, but Afonso rejected his proposal. There is also evidence that they had poor diets and were overworked. [46], Columbus was later arrested in 1500 and dismissed from his posts. Christophe Colomb, marin génois, veut atteindre les Indes par l’ouest après avoir acquis la conviction que la terre est ronde. "Marco Polo et le Livre des Merveilles", p. 37. [39][40] In the 1st century BC, Posidonius confirmed Eratosthenes's results by comparing stellar observations at two separate locations. [177] At the museum associated with the chapel, there are a number of Columbus relics worthy of note, including the armchair that the "Admiral of the Ocean Sea" used at his chart table. In 1500, the Crown had him removed as governor, arrested, and transported in chains to Spain. Minster, Christopher. [91] Modern studies suggest that "crew members may have included free black Africans who arrived in the New World about a decade before the slave trade began".[92]. The governor, Nicolás de Ovando y Cáceres, detested Columbus and obstructed all efforts to rescue him and his men. [97][98][k] Columbus continued to the Virgin Islands, and landed in Puerto Rico, which he named San Juan Bautista[100] in honor of Saint John the Baptist (a name that was later given to the capital city of San Juan). That meeting also proved unsuccessful, in part because not long afterwards Bartolomeu Dias returned to Portugal with news of his successful rounding of the southern tip of Africa (near the Cape of Good Hope). Further information on Columbus's birthplace and family background: "Even with less than a complete record, however, scholars can state with assurance that Columbus was born in the republic of Genoa in northern Italy, although perhaps not in the city itself, and that his family made a living in the wool business as weavers and merchants. As such it contains no sign of the Americas and yet demonstrates the common belief in a spherical Earth. Some 10 more had perished on the voyage. A candidate for sainthood in the Catholic Church in 1866, celebration of Columbus's legacy perhaps reached a zenith in 1892 with the 400th anniversary of his first arrival in the Americas. "Why the Scientific Revolution Did Not Take Place in China – Or Didn't It?" The strongest 500 were sent to Spain to be sold as slaves, with 40% of these dying en route.[79][111]. [124] The Arawaks attempted to fight back against Columbus's men but lacked their armor, guns, swords, and horses. Columbus was hugely disappointed a few years later when Queen Isabela, after careful thought, decided not to open the New World to the trading of enslaved people. "[94] Pedro de las Casas, father of the priest Bartolomé de las Casas, also accompanied Columbus on this voyage.[95]. For one year Columbus and his men remained stranded on Jamaica. After being becalmed for several days in the doldrums of the mid-Atlantic, Columbus's fleet regained its wind and, low on water, turned north in the direction of Dominica. There is some debate over which island was Columbus’ first stop; most experts believe it to be San Salvador, Samana Cay, Plana Cays or Grand Turk Island. Numerous cities, towns, counties, streets, and plazas (called Plaza Colón or Plaza de Colón throughout Latin America and Spain) have been named after him. [158] By some accounts, around 1796, when France took over the entire island of Hispaniola, Columbus's remains were moved to Havana, Cuba. The land turned out to be a small island in the present-day Bahamas. [191] In fact, the spherical shape of the Earth had been known to scholars since antiquity, and was common knowledge among sailors, including Columbus. [147] Unable to travel farther, on 25 June 1503 they were beached in St. Ann's Bay, Jamaica.[148]. "[104] The monarchs, who suggested the tokens, called for a light punishment,[118] but any Indian found without a copper token had their hands cut off, which was a likely death sentence. ique, la. Three of the ships headed directly for Hispaniola with much-needed supplies, while Columbus took the other three in an exploration of what might lie to the south of the Caribbean islands he had already visited, including a hoped-for passage to continental Asia. Columbus had always claimed the conversion of non-believers as one reason for his explorations, but he grew increasingly religious in his later years. For other uses, see, "Admiral of the Ocean Sea" redirects here. In early December 1502, Columbus and his crew endured a severe storm. [54], Columbus also dispatched his brother Bartholomew to the court of Henry VII of England to inquire whether the English crown might sponsor his expedition, but he was captured by pirates in the process, and only arrived in early 1491. [102] Among the ruins were the corpses of 11 of the 39 Spaniards who had stayed behind as the first colonists in the New World. [181][182][183][184] Exposed to old world diseases, the indigenous populations of the New world collapsed and were largely replaced by Europeans and Africans who brought with them new methods of farming, business, governance, and religious worship. [127] Columbus led his fleet to the Portuguese island of Porto Santo, his wife's native land. Encyclopædia Britannica, 1993 ed., Vol. "Columbian Exposition Souvenir Sheets", Arago: people, postage & the post, National Postal Museum online, viewed 18 April 2014. Henceforth Nicolás de Ovando y Cáceres was to be the new governor of the West Indies.[138]. He also named the islands of Virgin Gorda ("Fat Virgin"), Tortola, and Peter Island (San Pedro). [36][37][35] The sphericity of the Earth is also accounted for in the work of Ptolemy, on which medieval astronomy was largely based. 605ff / Morison, "It is most probable that Columbus visited Bristol, where he was introduced to English commerce with Iceland.". [135] An entry in his journal from September 1498 reads: "From here one might send, in the name of the Holy Trinity, as many slaves as could be sold ..."[136], In October 1499, Columbus sent two ships to Spain, asking the Court of Spain to appoint a royal commissioner to help him govern. [106][211] Some historians have argued that, while brutal, Columbus was simply a product of his time, and being a figure of the 15th century, should not be judged by the morality of the 20th century. Word of his voyages soon spread throughout Europe. The men sighted the land of Trinidad on 31 July, approaching from the southeast. [11][12] In one of his writings, he says he went to sea at the age of 10. With the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, the land route to Asia was closed to Christian traders. [187][188] Columbus's efforts brought the Americas to the attention of Europe at a time ripe for Europe to act upon. He had the right to nominate three persons, from whom the sovereigns would choose one, for any office in the new lands. [238], Sometime between 1531 and 1536, Alejo Fernández painted an altarpiece, The Virgin of the Navigators, that includes a depiction of Columbus. The youngest brother of Christopher Columbus", Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, "Christopher Columbus writings prove he was Spanish, claims study", "Columbus' Confusion About the New World", "Six Things You Didn't Know About Christopher Columbus", Christopher Columbus. "[189], Washington Irving's 1828 biography of Columbus popularized the idea that Columbus had difficulty obtaining support for his plan because many Catholic theologians insisted that the Earth was flat,[190] but this is a popular misconception which can be traced back to 17th-century Protestants campaigning against Catholicism. He thought that a new trade of enslaved people could make his discoveries lucrative. [35][72] Columbus called this island (in what is now the Bahamas) San Salvador (meaning "Holy Savior"); the natives called it Guanahani. Thereupon, the captain of the Pinta, Martín Alonso Pinzón, verified the sight of land and alerted Columbus by firing a lombard. Columbus went to meet with John at Vale do Paraíso. Columbus had some of his crew hanged for disobedience. On December 25, the Santa María ran aground and had to be abandoned. [69][h] Four hours later, a lookout on the Pinta, Rodrigo de Triana, spotted land, and immediately alerted the rest of the crew with a shout. The exact course of Columbus's voyage through the Lesser Antilles is debated, but it seems likely that he turned north, sighting and naming several islands, including: Columbus also sighted the chain of the Virgin Islands, which he named Islas de Santa Úrsula y las Once Mil Vírgenes, "Islands of Saint Ursula and the 11,000 Virgins" (shortened, both on maps of the time and in common parlance, to Islas Vírgenes). [117] Columbus's forced labour system was described by his son Ferdinand: "In the Cibao, where the gold mines were, every person of fourteen years of age or upward was to pay a large hawk's bell of gold dust;[n] all others were each to pay twenty-five pounds of cotton.
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